Victim trauma and aggressor trauma in intergroup conflicts
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Abstract
Relevance. Collective trauma is a crucial socio-psychological phenomenon that affects the social life of large and global groups of people, sometimes determining even the success or failure of the essential life tasks of the community.
Purpose. The article is devoted to studying conflicting intergroup interaction, which leads to the psychological trauma of all its participants.
Methodology. Theoretical analysis of literary sources
Results. The study found that the interaction can be symmetrical when participants alternately or simultaneously act as victims and aggressors; asymmetric when the positions of victim groups and aggressor groups are clearly defined; and mixed when symmetry and asymmetry alternate at different historical stages. Examples of symmetrical intergroup conflicts are wars. These injuries have the property of cyclicity, i.e., historical recurrence. Examples of asymmetric intergroup conflict interaction are genocide, slavery, and collective deportation. Social phenomena such as serfdom and concentration camps, which can also be attributed to collective trauma, show indications of the trauma of slavery. Conflict intergroup interaction traumatizes all its participants: victims, aggressors, and accomplices – a specific group of people standing between the first two, former victims who joined the aggressors. Evidence that the aggressor is traumatized is many negative feelings that the aggressor is experiencing, which may be a sign of injury. The aggressor group’s prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, which is an objective sign of collective trauma, is relatively high. In some conditions, it can be much higher than in victim groups. The accomplice group is also a carrier of collective trauma for several generations, evidenced by the Holodomor genocide. Some socio-psychological characteristics of groups involved in intergroup interaction contribute to conflict and trauma: group aggressivity, group victimhood, group inferiority complex. There are also individual psychological factors that allow aggression and trauma. One of the mechanisms of cyclicity collective traumas and their transformation into historical traumas is the intergenerational transmission of traumatic experience.
Conclusions. Practices of healing the consequences of hist
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References
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Hirsch, M. (2008). The Generation of Postmemory. Poetics Today 29 (1): 103–128.
Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning. Frontiers in Psychology. 9: Article 1441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441
Kellermann, N. P. F. (2001). Transmission of Holocaust Trauma – An Integrative View. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes: Vol. 64: 256–267.
Kellermann, P. F. (2007). Sociodrama and Collective Trauma. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2007.
Mattingly, D. (2019). No Novel for Ordinary Men? Representation of the Rank-and-File Perpetrators of the Holodomor in Ukrainian Novels. Euxeinos : Governance and Culture in the Black Sea Region, 9: 12-39. https://gce.unisg.ch/en/euxeinos/archive/27
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Payne, B. K., Vuletich, H. A., Brown-Iannuzzi J. L. (2019). Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 116 (24): 11693–11698. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818816116
Schori-Eyal, N., Klar, Y., Roccas, S., McNeill, A. (2017). The Shadows of the Past: Effects of Historical Group Trauma on Current Intergroup Conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 43 (4), 538-554.
Volkan, V. (1997). Bloodlines: from ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.